Comparison Between Japan and Italy

Why does Japan attract so Many Less Tourists than Italy? Contents Introduction Page 2 International TourismPage 2 Key Aspects of JapanPage 3 Key Aspects of ItalyPage 4 Typical TouristPage 5 International CompetitionPage 5 Conclusion Page 5 Graphs Page 6 BibliographyPage 7 Introduction In this project I will be researching about the difference in tourism between Italy and Japan. I will be researching why there is such a big difference and I will add several graphs and climate data.I will be researching the tourist attractions. I will explain the similarities and differences. I will research about tourist attractions and why a family would choose this country instead of the other. I will research about the two environments. International Tourism International tourism is when a person or more travel out of their home land into a different country and/or religion. It means that they travel from one place to another for reasons like for medical, sport or business. Key Aspects of Japan K ey Aspects of Japan There are many tourist attractions in Japan but why doesn’t it get as many tourists as Italy?Japan has a place called Ginza which consists of department stores, shopping centres, restaurants and coffee shops. Ginza is said to be one of the best places for shopping in the world. It is said to also be very luxurious. The Ise Shrine located in the Mie state of Japan is the shrine built in the honour of goddess Ameterasu-Omikami. This is said to be one of the most sacred places in Japan because inside it holds the Sacred Mirror. Another interesting attraction is the Osaka Castle. It was built in 1583 in Osaka. This would be a great tourist attraction because it is very historical and the castle itself is very beautiful.The biggest tourist attraction I would have to say is Mt. Fuji. Is view is truly breathtaking. It is Japan’s biggest mountain. This would be a great place for someone who enjoys climbing or like sky diving. If the tourist appreciates art work then Kyoto National Art Museum is the place for them. It focuses on Asian and Japanese art from the days when it wasn’t modern. It is built traditionally so that the tourist can really feel like he or she’s part of that era. There is the longest suspension bridge in the world in Japan called Akashi Kaikyo suspension bridge. Is is nearly 4 km long and was finishes in a span of 12 years.One of the most historic and interesting attractions is the Great Buddha of Kamakura. Its nearly 14m tall in length and it is very interesting how this survived the tsunami in the 15th century where as the others were eliminated. The Great Buddha of Kamakura Key Aspects of Italy As we all know the Italians are renowned because of Gladiators and there old empires. There most magnificent attraction would most probably be the Canals of Venice. Its romantic ambience and Italian architecture surrounding it makes it the most admirable place with the Colosseum not far behind.As I mentioned the probably most famous of them all would be the Colosseum which was built at the time of gladiators. People of all ages would gather to watch people fight till the death. They used to cheer as this was one of their few ways of entertainment. Tourists will love the Colosseum because you get the feel that you’re walking through the ages. Pompeii was a lost city in Italy. It was lost due to Mt. Vesuvius erupting in 79 AD. I think this would be quite interesting as there are still remains on the land and also the lost city of Herculaneum is one to see as well.You get an insider in how people lived back then compared to now. Santa Maria Del Fiore is the largest brick cathedral ever built and was the biggest until the modern era. Santa Maria Del Fiore is the symbol of the beautiful city of Florence. This cathedral is a must see for tourists who are Catholics and it’s interesting to see how divine it would be inside. I think Italy would also be famous for its beaches. Altho ugh temperature doesn’t go very high on a good day everyone will be at the beach. Picture of Canals of Venice. Typical Tourist In my own opinion I believe that a typical tourist would go to Italy.They would go because Italy is more of a livelier place and has more interesting tourist attractions. People from all over the world would probably choose Italy because everyone wants to know about Italy’s history. Although the temperature is almost the same there’s way more precipitation in Japan due to monsoon months which tourists don’t want to enter. Japan does have the best technology in the world but they want to go to a country where there isn’t too much poverty which I think Italy fits that criterion. International Competition Two countries come to mind when we talk about competition in the tourist trade, South Korea and Greece.Greece is like Italy it has a lot of Greek history which people would ache to see and South Korea is like Japan, has a lot of good attractions yet not many tourists come. Many people would come to both Italy and Greece but at the state Greece is in at this moment of time with financial trouble if you’re going for business they should go to Italy. Conclusion In conclusion I believe Japan have less tourist because of they're attractions. They don’t have that much to attract people from all over the world although they have the technology for it.I think they should build more attractions like make a old village so you can show people how you used to live. Also because people all over the world want to go to a country where there isn’t too much poverty which is why they would choose Italy. Also because of the monsoon season they lose many tourists who don’t want to come when its full of water. Bibliography â€Å"Crossed Flag Pins. † Http://www. crossed-flag-pins. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. Sept. -Oct. 2012. ;http://www. crossed-flag-pins. com/Friendship-Pins/Japan/Flag-Pins- Japan-Italy. jpg;. â€Å"Daibutsu a Great Buddha of Kamakura. Daibutsu a Great Buddha of Kamakura Picture & Facts a Kanagawa,. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Visitstmaarten. com Blog. † World Tourism Day 2010 on Tourism and Biodiversity, St Maarten. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"10 Top Tourist Attractions in Italy. † Touropia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. . Tokyo, Japan:Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data. † Tokyo, Japan: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. ;http://www. climate-charts. com/Locations/j/JP47662. php;. â€Å"World Economic Outlook Database September 2011. † World Economic Outlook Database September 2011. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. ;http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/index. aspx;. â€Å"Employees, Industry, Male (% of Male Employment). † Data. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. ;http://data. worldbank. org/indicator /SL. IND. EMPL. MA. ZS/countries;.

The Great Gatsby Chapter 1-5 Summaries

In Chapter 1, the narrator introduces himself as Nick Carraway and talks about himself and his father. He describes himself as tolerant but fails to realizes his views are very biased and speaks with pity to those who â€Å"haven't had the advantages that you've had,† as his father says. Nick comes from a well-known Mid-Western family, and graduated from Yale (as his ancestors have) in 1915. After fighting in World War I, he comes home restless and decides to learn the bond business. His father finances Nick for a year and Nick lives in a house on West Egg. He talks about West and East Egg.West Egg is the less fashionable of the two, and consists of new money. He lives between Gatsby's mansion and another millionaire. East Egg consists of old money people, and that is where his cousin, Daisy, and her husband, Tom Buchanan, live. Tom was one of Nick's classmates at Yale who played football professionally and came from a wealthy family. The Buchanans invite Nick over for dinner, and Nick meets Daisy's friend, Jordan Baker. She is a professional golfer and seems to be bored of being wealthy. At dinner, Tom talks about the book, â€Å"The Rise of the Colored Empires†, and readers learn that Tom is pro-white dominance.Dinner is interrupted by a phone call for Tom, and Jordan tells Nick that it's a phone call from Tom's lover in New York. Daisy and Nick catch up in private out on the veranda. After dinner, everyone chats in a crimson room and when Jordan heads to sleep, Daisy jokes that Jordan and Nick should marry each other. Soon, Nick heads home and sees Gatsby on his dock reaching out his hand across the Sound. Chapter 2 begins with a description of the valley of ashes which is located between West Egg and New York. The area is a barren wasteland and a large billboard with Doctor T. J. Eckleburg's eyes decay in the valley.Tom takes Nick to the valley of ashes so he can meet Tom's mistress. They arrive at George Wilson's garage on the edge of the val ley of ashes and meet with him and his wife, Myrtle. Tom then forces Myrtle (his mistress) and Nick to his flat in New York and throws an improper small party with Myrtle's sister, Catherine, and a couple named McKee. The group then gossips about Jay Gatsby and Catherine claims that he is somehow related to Kaiser Wilhelm, the despised ruler of Germany during World War I. As the group gets more drunk, Myrtle begins to act harsh and almost teenage-like.Catherine states that the only reason Tom hasn't left Daisy is because Daisy is Catholic, and Catholics don't believe in divorce. Nick is surprised by such an accusation because he knows that Daisy is not Catholic. Myrtle then talks about how she never loved her husband, and she made the biggest mistake marrying him. Later, Tom gives Myrtle a puppy as a gift, and the drinking goes on. Sometime after, Myrtle starts chanting Daisy's name, and Tom punches her in the face, breaking her nose. Chapter 3 begins with Nick's description of Gats by's Saturday night parties.These parties are extremely lavish, and earned the reputation of being one of the best parties in New York. Guests gather to admire Gatsby's Rolls Royce and enormous swimming pool, eat delicious food, enjoy the live band, and drink unlimited amounts of alcohol that Gatsby supplies everyone with. Eventually, Gatsby's chauffeur brings an invitation to Nick's door and Nick heads over the next day. When he arrives, the mansion is already packed with anyone and everyone. Many attendees were not invited, even more have not met Gatsby face to face.The crowd is mixed, with people from West Egg and East Egg, and people from New York and some that weren't high up on the social ladder. Nick then runs into Jordan Baker, and they hear rumors among the crowd about Gatsby. Nick and Jordan roam around to try to find Gatsby, and at first end up in Gatsby's library. In his library, they meet a man they call Owl Eyes, who is fascinated by the fact that all the books in the library are real. Afterward, they head out to the garden and begin talking to a man that is young and handsome. He tells them that he served in the same division as Nick in the war.He then introduces himself as Gatsby. Gatsby leaves to take a phone call, but tells one of his servants to seek out Jordan Baker to tell her he needs to speak with her in private. A few hours later, Jordan comes out of the library and tells Nick the conversation was â€Å"simply amazing. † Before Nick leaves, Gatsby invites him to go hydroplaning the next morning and Nick agrees to go. As Nick leaves the mansion, fifty feet from the door, he sees that a car has landed in a ditch. He sees Owl Eyes there and the whole situation is very bizarre. Nick then breaks off to talk about his overall summer of 1922.He states that he did not only attend parties all summer long, but also worked in New York. He met again with Jordan in midsummer, and realized that she had cheated in a golf tournament. Although he knows that Jordan lies constantly, he is still somehow attracted to her. In Chapter 4, Nick returns to one of Gatsby's Sunday morning parties, and he hears a couple of young ladies gossip about Gatsby. They say he is a bootlegger and killed a man because he found out. On another morning, Gatsby invites Nick to lunch in the city. Gatsby then asks Nick what he thinks of him.Nick is very evasive in the way he responds. Gatsby then tells Nick about his past, claiming to be from a MidWestern family and says he is from the city of San Francisco. He then goes on to say that he studied at Oxford and lived in all of the capitals of Europe. And that he enlisted in the war effort, where he was quickly promoted to major and celebrated by every Allied government. Gatsby even pulls out a picture of himself at Oxford and also a medal with his name on it from Montenegro. Gatsby drives very fast through the valley of ashes and is pulled over by a policeman for speeding.Gatsby shows the policeman a white card and the policeman apologizes and doesn't give him a ticket. At lunch, Gatsby introduces Carraway to Meyer Wolfsheim, who is a Jewish man that is an infamous gambler and who claims to have fixed the 1919 World Series. Wolfsheim proudly shows Nick his arm cuff that is made of human molars. Nick soon believes that Gatsby is involved in dark business. After Wolfsheim leaves the restaurant, Nick spots Tom at a table and introduces Gatsby to him. Gatsby is visibly uncomfortable around Tom and leaves suddenly without an explanation.The next time Nick meets with Jordan, she tells him that Gatsby is in love with Daisy. She says that back in 1917, both Daisy and Gatsby volunteered at the Red Cross and Daisy madly fell in love with him. She promised that she would wait for Gatsby to return from war, but while he was away, Tom proposed to her and she accepted. The night before Daisy's wedding, she had realized her huge mistake and drank herself to insanity. Jordan tells Nick that the only reason why Gatsby bought his mansion on West Egg was to be directly across the bay from Daisy.Nick then realizes why Gatsby was on his dock reaching out to the green light across the Sound (because the light is the light on the end of Daisy's dock). Jordan then tells Nick that Gatsby wanted him to arrange a meeting for himself and Daisy at Nick's house. In Chapter 5, the night Nick returns home after talking to Jordan, he sees that Gatsby's mansion is lit from top to bottom. Nick is approached by an eager and nervous Gatsby, and Nick tells him that he has spoken with Jordan. In return for helping him, Gastby offers Nick an under-the-table job that hasn't anything to do with Wolfsheim.Nick is offended by his wish to pay him back for setting up the meeting, and declines the offer. On the day that Gatsby and Daisy are to meet, it begins to rain. When Daisy first arrives, the tension and conversations are very awkward between them. Gatsby is so nervous to be around Daisy that he k nocks over Nick's clock. Nick tells Gatsby to calm down, and leaves them alone for a short while. When Nick returns, he sees that they have just finished hugging and Daisy has joyful tears on her cheeks. They are much more relaxed and comfortable around one another, and they head over to Gatbsy's mansion.Gatsby shows them around, first at some luxurious shirts imported from Europe, and Daisy bursts into tears. Then looking out from a window, Gatsby tells Daisy that he can see the green light at the end of her dock when the night air is clear. After, Gatsby wakes Ewing Klipspringer so he can play â€Å"Ain't We Got Fun† on the piano. While the music floats around in the room, Nick thinks to himself that Daisy will not be able to live up to Gatsby's standards and forget the last five years has ever happened. As Gatsby and Daisy get closer, Nick realizes it is time for him to leave and starts walking home.

Difference Between Monopoly Pricing and Competitive Pricing Essay

Congress is discussing the possibility of removing patent protection for life saving drugs in order to reduce the cost of the Medicare and Medicaid systems. Discuss both the short-run and long-run implications for the economic situation of the drug industry. Include in your answer the impact on prices, new development, etc. of drugs. Include appropriate graphs showing the difference between monopoly pricing and competitive pricing. The drug industry currently takes on both monopolistic and competitive market structures. When a drug company develops a new drug, there are patent laws that allow the company to have a monopoly on selling the drug. In the short-run, the company is able to charge the monopoly price (above marginal cost) and maximize profit by producing the quantity where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Once the patent runs out, other drug companies have an incentive to enter the market causing it to become more competitive. These new companies produce generic versions of the drug and charge a price below the monopolist’s price. As more and more competitors enter the price is driven down to marginal cost. If congress were to remove patent protection on life-savings drugs, drug company’s profits for life saving drugs would decrease. More companies would be able to begin producing the drugs without waiting for the patent period to end therefore, the original drug maker would not be able to charge the monopoly price for very long because competitors could quickly engineer generic versions. The original producer would no longer be a price maker and instead need to follow profit maximization rules of a competitive market by producing the quantity where marginal revenue equals marginal cost and charge a price equal to marginal marginal revenue. Since the original drug maker will not be able to benefit from monopoly pricing during the patent period, there will be less incentive for them to create lifesaving drugs. A part of the benefit of higher profits during the monopoly period is the ability to recoup some of the research, develop, and testing costs of producing these drugs that the generic makers do not incur. Consumers on the other hand would benefit from competition in the market which prevents a single drug maker from dictating the market price of these newly developed lifesaving drugs.

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INTERNATIONAL_BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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Can someone change your life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Can someone change your life - Essay Example   This was a major change for me because I had in great part relied on other individuals to help me through life. In these regards, there were a lot of daily tasks that I took for granted. For instance, simple things like fixing my car I never took care of, because I had always relied on my brother whenever there was a problem that was needed. For instance, I recall one incident where we were driving to visit a family friend. During the trip, one of the tires went out on our car. My brother immediately got out of the vehicle, opened the trunk, and began to change the tire. After my brother’s accident, he was not able to accomplish tasks such of this. A few months after his accident we were driving to visit another individual and a tire went out on the vehicle. For an instant, I looked to my brother expecting him to jump out of the car and change the tire but instead came to realize that this time I would have to learn how. We rolled the window down and my brother explained t o me the exact steps I needed to take in order to change the tire. This has I learned the process and would be able to accomplish it in future situations. While this situation with changing tires is one incident, it reflects the large change that took place in my life after my brother’s accident. Slowly, I began to learn a lot of skills that I had never had to learn before. My life had truly changed. From this point on I would no longer be able to simply watch television or engage in random past-time activities.... While this situation with changing tires is one incident, it reflects the large change that took place in my life after my brother’s accident. Slowly, I began to learn a large amount of skills that I had never had to learn before. My life had truly changed. From this point on I would no longer be able to simply watch television or engage in random past-time activities. My new life-style involved becoming more active in day-to-day activities. I learned to become more engaged in daily activities. While this took up my time, it also changed the very way I structured my days. I recognized that now I needed to ensure that my homework was done in an efficient way, as I would need to aid my family in a variety of ways. Ultimately, my life changed in drastic ways after my brother’s accident, as I had to fill in areas in which my brother had previously occupied. The second thing I learned was to take greater responsibility for my family and household actions. My brother is older than me, and he was caring for everything. After the accident I need to be responsible about everything he had been taking care of. Although, it wasn’t easy at first, because I didn’t use to have all this responsibility like to care of the home, family, and study. Now everything is normal and easy because I became familiar with it. However, at first things came as a great surprise to me as I was not aware of the many things that I had not learned, which my brother handled. Indeed, it was a major awakening experience to me. Many times in life I believe it is possible for humans to become complacent and fall into a way of living that doesn’t realize the full scope of their surroundings. I recognize that before my brother’s accident this was the world I had come to live in. After my

Evaluating Instructional Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Choose a topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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Kafka,The Metamorphosis Essay Example for Free

Kafka,The Metamorphosis Essay As Gregor saw his many legs waving in the air it symbolizes the rejection of different people because as a traveling salesman he used to move constantly from one place to another and in the habit of waking up in unfamiliar surroundings and various circumstances. He must show his patience, perseverance and eagerness to induce many customers because from that he can earn his living. But as we all know not all the people that we used to mingle with can accept and entertain us positively. The weight on Gregor’s life represents the resistance to change in family tradition that he is the financial head of the household; nobody else probably works in his family; their whole present and comfortable existence relies upon Gregor’s employment. Most of his burden is the debt which his father owes to the employer for whom Gregor now works. His mere condition shows the exploitation of one by many because the reactions of his own family revealed that he is just an impending burden to them. They care for him but they are so horrified by his presence that’s why they take to shutting Gregor into his room. They tend to shrink back whenever he reveals himself and his father embedded one of the apples in his back, causing an infection. As he hides himself underneath a sheet is the metaphor for rejection of sick people because it attests that he is afraid to see and to be seen by other people because of that his family becomes the jailer, they locked Gregor in from the outside. Though bereft of human contact, he is still concern for his family and at the same time mad at them for neglecting him. We can de – humanize our enemies by letting them realize their fault and shortcomings; in short we try to touch their conscience. Just like the way Gregor did in this story, he would have left his family out of love and taken their burden away. He returns to his room and collapses, finally giving in to his wound and starvation. I think he did that for one good reason to open the mind of his family that during the days of helping them and even sacrificing for their benefits, he didn’t even murmured or ask something in return coming from them. The Nazi treatment of Jews in the hand of Germany headed by Hitler was violent and so bloody. Hitler called the Jews as his enemies. Enemy defined as opponent or hostile nation. When we called somebody as an opponent it simply meant that we must do something that would hurt them, made them miserable and finally killed them. These are the objectives of Hitler to all his enemies. He pursued boycotts for the Jewish shops and businesses in ! 933; in 1934, the law banned all the Jewish form public places; plundered the Jewish teachers, civil servants and lawyers. Some of the maltreatments were removing the privilege to the Jews to become a German citizen; restriction of inter racial marriage;working and holding property in Germany; the assassination of many Jews and yet penalizing them. The reason why all of these things happened because of selfish desire and greediness. These are not good if many would suffer and be affected by covetousness and hatred. Hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group is considered as the meaning of anti – semitism. The anti – Semitism in Europe was almost the same predicament of that in the Nazi, Germany. The hatred to the Jews that’s inside their heart becomes deeper and deeper. One example of this was a soccer match between the Israeli and Belgian national teams in Hasselt, Belgium, when Muslim fans waved Hamas and Hezbollah banners, and chanted: Jews to the gas chambers! and Strangle the Jews! (taken from the Cancer of Anti – Semitism in Europe). We can conclude in this simple illustration that the hatred developed in the past still lingers in the present situation. The suppression of one’s freedom and stepping onto the human rights of a person developed them in two personalities: they may become weak and dependent while on the other hand a person may possess a strong will to fight and defend himself from his enemies. According to Iris Bruce and Cassill, many interpretations of Franz Kafkas writings have accentuated their psychological, religious, existential and moral dimensions and initiated a whole genre of the kqfkaesque which summon up associations of the grotesque and absurd but is rarely associated with a sense of humour. A Kafkaesque, or Kafka-like situation being one of a strange or nightmarish quality become a part of the language from Kafka’s name. Generally, after World War II (and fundamentally due to the prominence of New Criticism and Existentialism in the literary academies during this time), a Kafka myth has crystallized which stresses Kafkas existential anguish: interpretations, be they religious, phenomenological, existentialist, symbolic or allegorical, center on the psychology of the author, who is presented as being overcome by the sense of absurdity and alienation so prevalent in twentieth. Where this metaphysical approach in literary translation as a discipline has been most detrimental is in its emphasis on the universal rather than on specific textual elements, in the fascination with Kafkas personal neuroses, in the mingling of psychological speculation and literary criticism which frequently led to a false confusion of empirical and literary selves and most importantly in its overall disregard of the playful and humorous dimension in Kafkas texts. Conclusion Kafka’s wanted to share the reality that is happening into our life or others life particularly in our society nowadays. The Metamorphosis was all about Gregor Samsa. This story emphasized the way a man entered the world of despised and how discrimination created hostility. Even his own family tired to suppressed, despised and hurt him not only physically but mentally. The same with our society, the persons who are in the authority sometimes take advantage of everything even to the point that they stepped onto the human rights and privilege of a person. Loving something or someone because you profit from them will not be a good foundation because what if the proceed is gone, are you going to hate him or still love him? Conflict is always present if the environment that we used to stay with is not that aware that justice must be offer to everyone. Hurting people or even killing them without important reason, it’s simply because of selfish desire and hatred won’t make any sense in reality. Instead of doing those things, why don’t we learn to love and forgive them? In the end, we’re going to realize that love is the answer in any changes or metamorphosis that will happen in to our life. Love conquers hatred. Works Cited Peter Kuper Kafka’s The Metamorphosis http://www. randomhouse. com/crown/metamorphosis/ Walker, Jews in Nazi Germany http://www. schoolhistory. co. uk/lessons/germany/jews. html Understanding the Treatment of Jews during World War II http://www. dummies. com/how-to/content/understanding-the-treatment-of-jews-during-world-w. html Edward B. Donnell Jr. , Anti-Semitism in Europe Today http://www. state. gov/p/eur/rls/rm/38113. htm The Cancer of Semitism in Europe http://www. aish. com/societyWork/society/The_Cancer_of_Anti-Semitism_in_Europe. asp

The African Americans Throughout the History of Mass Communication Essay Example for Free

The African Americans Throughout the History of Mass Communication Essay Mass communication today has truly gained enormous advancements since it was first developed back then. The field continually grows and develops as more and more technological innovations are taking place nowadays. Indeed, mass communication has truly gone a long way. If its history would be traced back then, we will find out how the field changed throughout the ages. Moreover, tracing back the roots of mass communication would show how us how its forms also changed. From wired communication, mass media suddenly became a wireless one. In addition to this, history of mass communication would also allow us to see the reflection of the mass or the people. With this, history of mass communication would tell us about the humanity in general, including one of the greatest yet most controversial races from all around the globe—the African-Americans. How does the history of mass media reflect the African-Americans throughout the years? The African Americans is one race that holds a rich culture and history. Most of what the race has gone through were also reflected through various forms of mass media, including those of the radio, print, television, advertising, public relations, and film industries. Radio Industry Perhaps as a result of discrimination, it was not for some decades before African Americans began participating in the radio field. There were occasional African American singers in the radio. However, a dedicated African American radio station was founded much later than others. In today’s context, it is just ironic that African Americans are now the artists that are played much on the radio and there is a significant number of African Americans working with radio productions. Television Industry Television just shows the thinking of the present generation. In the earlier years of television, it is just understandable that there is only little participation of the African American community—some may not even had he chance to watch television. But in today’s world, there are many famous and influential African Americans shown in television like Oprah and Barrack Obama. This shows that this generation treats African Americans without discrimination. Film Industry Since the earliest times of the film industry, African American actors had shown tremendous talent in acting. Additionally, the world had learned how to laugh with African American humor. Interestingly, African American actors and actresses are present in almost all movie genres. One outstanding African American actress is Halle Berry, who is the first and still only African American woman to be awarded by the prestigious Academy Award for Best Actress in 2002. With the changes with the way African Americans are portrayed nowadays, their history somehow also changes. Through the history of mass media, we are able to see how the African Americans rose from an oppressed race to one proud people.

Mandatory Military Service: A good concept?

Mandatory Military Service: A good concept? Is mandatory military service a good thing for the country? Both World Wars, the Korean War and the Vietnam War have one thing in commonmost who served were drafted through a mandatory system. Recently, high ranking Democratic Congressman, Charles Rangel, proposed reinstating the draft. Is mandatory military service a good thing for the country? I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a military draft, as well as different types of compulsory military service. When people hear about a military draft the first thing that comes to mind is the Vietnam War. The Vietnam draft system was flawed to say the least. Class played a major role in the draft. It was quite easy for those with general knowledge of the Selective Service system to avoid being drafted. Many believe some of the wealthy used their connections to get into the safer branches of the military. President Bushs political opponents have accused him of using his fathers connections during the Vietnam War to get into the relatively safe Texas Air National Guard. College students could apply for student deferment, and at the time most college students were upper class. Student deferment would last until the student finished their studies and earned a degree. If a draft was instituted today college students would only be deferred until the end of their semester. During the Vietnam War, medical deferments were common. Physical problems were legitimate reasons to be exempt from active duty service, but the lower class was at a disadvantage because of fewer medical records. For example, former presidential candidate Howard Dean was exempt from serving in the military during the Vietnam War because of a back problem for which he had medical records of from a prominent New York doctor. Some of the poor didnt have the medical records to support their ailments, and were forced to serve. According to draft supporters, a draft would unite the country. Today, most young people arent actively engaged in their government. A draft would get everyone invested in our foreign policy. Congressman Rangel believes instituting the draft would lead to fewer wars. Its one thing supporting a pre-emptive strike on a country when others in the volunteer military will be performing the mission but would you support it if you were on the front lines of that pre-emptive strike? Another question that must be asked is Should those who dont want any part of the military be forced to serve their country in the event of a draft? Our militarys objective is to defend freedom in our own country and in the world. So, a draft, in some ways, sacrifices the very values we are supposed to be defending. The Supreme Court has ruled that conscientious objection can be from religious or non-religious beliefs but can not be because of a particular war. Many objectors have served in a weapons free branch of the military, or in some form of community service. According to the Selective Service System, they can evaluate and induct everyone drafted within 193 days of an emergency. With such rapid progress, is mandatory military service now necessary? The job of the Selective Service is to provide manpower to the armed forces. Therefore, the 193 days does not include the rigorous training that is standard with the U.S. military. With such great technology at its disposal, the U.S. military makes sure its members are knowledgeable about all its weapons systems. There are many issues that must be addressed to avoid mass problems if a draft were held today. Today, homosexuals are barred from serving in the military. What would stop any person who doesnt want to serve from claiming to be a homosexual? Also, would women be drafted? Today, only men have to register for the Selective Service. If the situation in the Middle East continues to worsen and spread, our government may have no other choice but to place more boots on the ground. The only way to solve troop shortages would be to re-instate the draft. We must hope that our government would only send us in harms way when this country is truly in danger. Bibliography http://www.sss.gov Selective Service System http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/11/20/selective.service/index.html CNN http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/19/rangel.draft.ap/index.html CNN http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/wh1000/stories/bush072899.htm Washington Post http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/news/news/2003/hardball_dean_120103.htm Harvard University

Macbeth :: essays research papers

Effect of Supernatural Forces The presence of supernatural forces in Macbeth is an extremely vital aspect of the play. The Weird sisters are fundamental characters because they prophesizr the futire, adding to the dramatic affect of the play. They show how desire, ambition, and greed, are often more overpowering than reason. Through the predictions made to Macbeth in the second scene of Act I, Macbeth is encouraged, and his mind is opened to the possibilities of actions that he would otherwise not consider. They promise that he will be Thane of Cawdor, and even king.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shortly after becoming Thane, his thoughts stray to the glory that he could have as ruler. â€Å"If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir.† He says this because he does not wish to take any action to make sure that he becomes king, but he does, in fact, truly desire to take Duncan’s position. He gives word of his encouter to his wife, and she too, is filled with ambition; even more so than her husband. It is she, lacking the â€Å"milk of human kindness†, that persuades Macbeth to carry through with his thoughts. She says to herself, â€Å" Come thee hither that I may pour my spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valor of my tongue. She is helped by the forces of the supernatural world, and with this aid, is able to convince Macbeth to commit the murder. She gives up all that is feminine about her so that wretchedness and cruelty can envelop her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The other supernatural forces that lead Macbeth down his path of evil and insanity are Banquo’s ghost, and the apparitions that the witches conjure. The apparitions especially lead to Macbeth’s downfall. The second one tells him that, â€Å"no man of woman born shall harm Macbeth†, and another says, â€Å"Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him.† This gives him security, which, â€Å"is mortals’ chieftest enemy†, as Hjecate states; and in this security comes his death.

Edward R. Murrow: A Revolution in the News Media Essay -- corporate an

The four years following the battle against Senator McCarthy, Murrow developed an enormous amount of contempt for the industry he helped create. Murrow’s superiors grew to fear some of his proposed topics for See It Now due to the usually high level of controversy surrounding most of his stories. CBS also became dictated by its advertisers in order to generate profit, and Murrow’s presence often scared advertisers from buying commercial slots during his programs. â€Å"The 1950s were characterized by a growing alienation between Murrow, CBS administrators, and sponsors, who both had come to dislike his independence, his critical broadcasts, and his critical analysis of the broadcasting industry,† (Belovari, n/a). The interest of the public often fell victim to corporate interest in the mind of Murrow during his remaining time with CBS. Murrow’s relationship with CBS, specifically head of CBS Bill Paley, deteriorated further during a quiz show scandal in wh ich CBS’s program legitimacy came into question. RTNDA Convention – Corporate Interest vs. Public Interest On October 15, 1958 Murrow would deliver a speech in Chicago at the RNTDA (Radio-Television News Directors Association and Foundation) Convention illustrating his opinion on the past, present, and future of the industry. The cause of Murrow’s developing distaste for CBS and the industry as whole would become vividly apparent as the speech moved forward. Elaborating on his personal observations Murrow would reveal whom he thought now had complete control over the industry. The top management of the networks, with a few notable exceptions, has been trained in advertising, research, sales or show business. But by the nature of the corporate structure, they also make the final an... ...trieved from http://www.newsreview.com/sacramento/case-against-lt-milo-radulovich/content?oid=44316 (Boeck) Campbell, W. J. (2010, March 08). Recalling, and doubting, television's 'finest half hour. Retrieved from http://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2010/03/08/recalling-and-challenging-televisions-finest-half-hour/ (Campbell, 2010) Handman, G. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/murrowmccarthy.html Wershba, J.. Edward r. murrow and the time of his time. Retrieved from http://www.evesmag.com/murrow.htm Murrow, E. (Director) (1958, October 8). RTNDA Speech. RTNDA Convention. Lecture conducted from RTNDA, Chicago. Rose, Howard Lester, "Edward R. Murrow: His Life, Legacy and Ethical Influence" (2010). Theses and Professional Projects from the College of Journalism and Mass Communications. Paper 2. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/2

Essay --

Chris Layton 12 September 2013 Block 1 Rough Draft Drugs & Athletes During the advancement of technology, athletes have been able to get powerful drugs that help them during physical activity. These drugs are also banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). They use these drugs to give them a competitive edge to keep up with the competition. Some athletes have distinctive trait that some do not like having a gene that helps them perform like the ACE gene helps perform in long distance events. Other athletes that compete have to use performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) to be able to keep up with them and have a chance to win. Performance enhancing drugs, including blood doping, stimulants, and human growth hormone, should be prohibited because of moral and ethical concerns and the personal consequences to athletes. Performance enhancing drugs have been used since ancient times. The use of enhancement substances for sporting events dates back to the ancient Greeks and ancient Maya. () Performance potions were utilized by the Greeks to increase their abilities and cocoa leaves were thought to be used by ancient Maya. () Today, athletes will go to many lengths to increase athletic ability, including: steroids, HGH, Amphetamines, and even animal or human organs just as the Greeks did in their time. () The most common performance enhancing drugs or treatment is blood doping, stimulants, human growth hormone (HGH), and anabolic steroids. Stimulants are a generic term to describe various substances that are ingested by athletes into the human body for the purpose of increasing alertness or general physical performance. Common stimulants that have been typically utilized by athletes in various disciplines are caffeine, amphetamines, a... ...drugs and go suspended for one and a half seasons. Performance enhancing drugs are not worth all the problems they can cause and definitely not worth your fans losing respect for you because they’re the ones who support you throughout your years. Overall, the negative effects of PED’s overweigh the positive effects of the use and abuse of them. The head of sports made the right move to ban, performance enhancing drugs, including blood doping, stimulants, and human growth hormone, should be prohibited because of moral and ethical concerns and the personal consequences to athletes. Performance enhancing drugs granted give you an edge over your competitor, but later in life you will regret using them because it’s effects will still be there rather you’re still on them or not. The World Anti-Doping Agency made the right move to ban all substances that harm yourself.

Performance Literature and Silent Reading Essay

The different forms of literature have been recognized as one of the best ways of expression wherein the individual responsible in creating a certain piece of literature can be able to express his or her thoughts and emotions as well as the ideals, values, and morals of a certain group of people or nation. Nevertheless, the importance of literature is realized through the perception of the people, which is why performance literature and silent reading have pivotal role in the appreciation of literature. The difference of performance literature and silent reading can be seen in the participation of an audience or reader, which makes it distinct from each other despite the situation that they are interpreting one form of literature. Both in the past and the present times, performance literature exists around the world. In the western and non-western societies literature is often appreciated by people through live performances. Literature performance involves the presence of an audience that should be engaged in the emotion of the performance literature. In this sense, performance literature requires the involvement of an audience as well as the corresponding social or religious context in order to exist. The same thing happens in situations when written texts that are embodied in some or all of the words are performed (Thomas, n. d.). On the other hand, in the modern western world, people are more accustom in experiencing literature by means of silent reading. Despite the existence of theater and poetry readings, the prevalent perception of proper literature in the academic realm is merely confined upon written pages. Being the case, most scholars always start with a written text in understanding different subject matters and appreciating literature (Thomas, n. d. ). Silent reading is recognized as an individualistic approach in understanding and appreciating literature because the reader is only the one responsible in understanding a written text like a story or novel as compared with performance literature that requires an audience and specific societal or religious context. Reference Thomas, R. (n. d. ). Performance Literature and the Written Word: Lost in Transcription? Retrieved from http://journal. oraltradition. org/files/articles/20i/editors_column_20_1. pdf.

Nirala Supply Chain Management

Table of Contents Introduction3 Vision3 Core Values3 Departments4 Products4 Target market4 Major Competitors in Pakistan5 Supply chain management5 Supply chain Process of Nirala5 Inbound Logistics7 Operations7 Out bound logistics8 Costs8 Price Strategy9 Promotions9 Efficiency Vs Responsiveness9 Chase strategy9 Time flexibility from workforce10 Consumer’s data base10 Corporate events10 Future plans11 Recommendations11 Introduction Over half a century ago, the foundation of Nirala was laid in Lahore, Pakistan, with the commitment to provide people with delectable quality delights.The great journey started when Taj Din migrated from Amritsar, India, to Lahore and started a small breakfast shop in the inner city of Lahore in 1948. Over the years, his family has embraced the timeless traditional values of good taste and unmatched quality, by bringing fresh mouth watering to the customers. Anmol Company holds the exclusive franchise rights in Pakistan for Nirala Sweets & food produc ts. Anmol Company is responsible for manufacturing, distributing and selling Nirala Sweets, which is undoubtedly the leading brand in the Mithai market in Pakistan. OnJanuary 1999, Nirala opened its 1st outlet outside Lahore making an instant success. Now Nirala is also makes dairy products in addition to sweets, namkeenz & running a restaurant. Nirala today has37 Branches in Pakistan with Presence in 9 Cities Including, Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Multan, Peshawar, Faisalabad, Sialkot & Gujranwala. Nirala has Presence in 4 Regions of the World including Sharjah, Dubai, Canada, USA and Europe. Vision The vision is to make Nirala a global brand, a brand recognizable for its uniqueness and quality in ethnic food market all around the world.In this perspective it consider itself as an innovative and a pioneer company, continuously offering unique products and interesting service concepts that others haven’t even dreamt of. Core Values The core values of the organizat ion which they consider the Spirit of Nirala have not changed over the past half century. Those values and traditions which have made the brand Nirala a market leader for the past 60 years are: * Continuous Improvement * Innovation * Integrity * Team work and * Social Responsibility Departments * Administration * Finance & Accounts * Human Resource *    Marketing *    Milk Procurement    MIS *    Production *    Quality Assurance * Retail Store *    Shop Operations *    Store & Procurement *    Supply & Distribution * VAS (Value added services ) Products * Mithai * Snakes * Dairy * Beverages Target market The target market of Nirala is the upper and corporate class. Major Competitors in Pakistan Nirala do not consider any one a direct competitor though indirectly it has many competitors . Some of them (area wise)are given below. Lahore * Gourmet * Fazal sweets * Rafique sweets * Butt sweets Islamabad-Rawal pindi * Jameel Sweets * Fresco Sweets Karachi * Qasr-e-shahee n Supply chain managementThe Nirala ensures timely and effective distribution of the products to chain of Nirala sweets stores spread all across Pakistan. From Transportation to obtaining route permits and approvals, is done by this department. Supply chain Process of Nirala Firstly the production department of Nirala receives projections from the sales department for example what products should be produced, how much quantity needs to be produced, what are the products that need more production than the rest etc. Sales Manager is responsible to deliver all these information and projections about the total quantity need to be produced.Production department then make the products accordingly which results in two products semi finished products and finished or ready to dispatch products by having a special check from the production manager who ensures the right amount of ingredients, quality and recipes that should be followed in the making of those products. Processing facilities are de centralised and located in Lahore, Karachi and one in Dubai. Production manager also ensures that the production should be done on the required time and by the required quantity in order to give high quality products to the customers.Semi finished goods are transferred to the stores of Nirala whereas the finished products directly go to the Pre- supply department . Stores are the central place for raw materials, finished as well as semi finished products . Nirala is currently using the facility of cold stores as well as blast freezers for storage purposes which help in increasing the life of the products. These stores are responsible to check the availability of the raw materials received from the procurement department which is the most important department of Nirala sweets .This department make raw materials available to the stores for the production of sweets as well as packaging of the finished products. The finished products that were transferred to the pre- supply departme nt are then molded into different shapes, sizes and cuts. Pre- supply department is the only department at Nirala which lacks a manager, instead of the manager they have a supervisor for this department which supervise all the activities of the labor and makes sure that everything is done according to the standards or not.After wrapping and final packaging of those products by the pre-supply department, they are transferred finally to the Supply department with the help of carriers e. g. trucks and vans (Shahzor, Mazda, and Suzuki pickup) owned by the company which delivers the final products to different branches of Nirala. They use voucher system for this process, vouchers are send with the products to outstation branches of Nirala located in Lahore ,Islamabad and Peshawar in order to make sure that the right amount is transferred to its designation .Branches after receiving the products and making sure that everything is received on the right date and by the right amount then dis patch the record of that receiving to the supply department at 7. am before the opening of the branch which is 8. am . This whole process is done on daily basis. Branches check the dispatch products through ERP (Enterprise resource planning). Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate internal and external management information across an entire organization, embracing finance, manufacturing, sales and service, customer relationship management, etc.ERP systems automate this activity with an integrated software application . The purpose of ERP is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manage the connections to outside sources. But if there is a mismatch between the products and the vouchers i-e received products is less than the required amount then every department especially the supply department has to recheck all the process in order to identify the fault. From these branches customer can buy wh atever he wants to buy from the range of products made by the company.Consumer is concerned with the final product, he is not aware of the whole process from where the product has been passed so it’s also very important to check the quality of the final product before the sale of the products as well. Inbound Logistics Pure desi ghee, High quality dry fruit, Milk Operations * More than 20% mithai production is carried out at automated plants. * Snacks are made on modern machines where as in the production of mithai no such technology is used. Nirala prefer to made mithai with the traditional way.The only technology used in the preparation is the rods that are used to check the consistency of the sugar syrup. * Quality is assured by the Quality Assurance Department which uses two ways to test the quality of products being produced. Firstly they use Sensory Evaluation to test quality. Sensory evaluation involves calling experts to test the mithai (sweets) by eating it and then telling whether it is upto standards or not. Secondly various lab tests are carried out to make sure that high quality raw materials are used in making of products. * Nirala also introduced Nirala Doodh in 2005.Since milk is an integral ingredient when it comes to sweets and mithai, therefore it decided to open its own Ultra high temperature milk plant. Therefore in 2006 with lot of investments and hard work, Nirala was able to establish its first UHT Milk Plant. The capacity of the plant was that it could produce up to 200, 000 liters/day. This was the biggest milk plant ever constructed. UHT plant required significant investments therefore when the time came to launch its product that was Nirala Doodh, they were left with very little resources, as a result their this product failed drastically.Nirala didn’t have enough resources to market the product therefore faced lot of constraints as far as the marketing budgets were concerned. Furthermore, due to very little advertisin g consumers had less brand awareness, it also resulted in increased losses as budgets for the branches were ignored at the same time. Out bound logistics N-Design is a packaging Co. working under the umbrella of Nirala which is offering 80 different types of packaging. It includes traditional paper and card boards, tin, wood, glass and handmade paper. Customize packaging is a speciality of Nirala sweets. CostsSince Nirala is a labor intensive company and prefer to make the sweets in the traditional way so the major costs incurred by the company are the labor cost and cost of raw materials. Nirala once imported machines from Germany for this purpose but it failed in making those products so less use of technology helps the company in saving cost. Nirala spend a very little money on the maintenance of outlets that is the reason the condition of outlets of the competitors is far better than those of Nirala because the focus of the company is on the product rather than these things Pric e StrategyNirala Sweets is slightly high than its competitors in price due to quality material used for its production and help Nirala in saving the cost . this is also because of target market that Nirala targets which is the corporate and upper class. Nirala also accepts credit payments by its customers on purchase of RS 200 worth mithai. Promotions Though the marketing department is present if Nirala but it’s not doing anything for the promotion of the company. Marketing activities of Nirala is very limited due to lack of funds.Also due to unforeseen incident that occurred in 2006, led people to boycott Nirala’s products. The death of the two year old and controversial case of Faisal Farooq resulted in huge losses for the company. This news was misreported on various internet websites and blogs and resulted in a bad image of the company for some time period. Also Nirala accepts online orders from its international customers and they are the only ones who are offerin g online orders. Efficiency Vs ResponsivenessEvery company wants to save the cost ,same is the case with Nirala, every department tries to save the cost at each step to the maximum but if the question is to make a choice between the two then Nirala definitely chooses the option of responsiveness because if they will incur any extra cost in order to fulfill the demand of customers and to be responsive in terms of supply then they will be more than happy to accept that cost because they are increasing the customer satisfaction and gaining customers loyalty. Chase strategyThere is no scientific rule to forecast the demand in this industry so in order to predict future demand Nirala uses the chase strategy in which the production rate is synchronized with the demand rate because at the end of the day they are just sweets so the demand fluctuations are not very intense which means that the demand for these products can easily be predicted for example the demand of the products increases in the Wedding season (Oct-March), Eid-ul-fiter, Eid-ul-Azha and other occasions like that and decreases in the month of Moharram.For this reason they do not have any separate department for forecasting. Time flexibility from workforce Nirala also use the strategy of time flexibility from workforce by offering them flexible timing in the low demand period and overtime in the peak demand period to fulfil the demand of customers. Consumer’s data base Nirala sweets do not feel the need of making database of consumers especially on daily basis. They make profile of only those customers that complain about their products or have any bad experience with the company and of their corporate customers. Corporate eventsAn extensive list of corporate clients place customized orders to make their corporate events more exclusive. A wide range of Mithai and customized branded boxes are available to the valued clients at all times. The creative team is always there to convert our client's ex pressions into beautiful branded packaging, which leaves an everlasting impact of grace and sophistication onto the minds of the recipients. The corporate clientele includes:  » ABN AMRO Bank  » Allied Bank  » Arif Habib Rupali  Bank  » Bank Alfalah  » Citibank  » DHL  » Dubai Islamic Bank  » Emaar Pakistan  » PIA  » Pizza Hut  » PTV SUFI Group of Industries Future plans * Nirala sweets is trying to outsource the company to reduce the extra cost. * To increase the marketing activities for the promotion of the company and allot specific budget for that purpose. * Looking forward to expand in England and Canada where sizable Pakistani communities live. Recommendations * They should review the costs of their products since they are targeting the higher class and upper middle class so that’s why the rates are high as compared to their competitors who make it difficult for the people with medium income and low income.If they review their costs and cut down a little bit on their prices then they can cover a much more number of customers and their sales will increase. * Continuous innovation and up gradation in technology and effective use of enabling technologies such as MIS will help integrate the entire supply chain better. * Sales promotions like prizes, lucky draw schemes should be introduced to attract more suppliers and focus more on their advertising because customers have very little information and awareness about their products such as Nirala Doodh.

“Figures of Speech Are Sometimes Used to Effectively Convey a Sense of Place.”

â€Å"Figures of speech are sometimes used to effectively convey a sense of place. † Explain and evaluate how this is achieved in text 22 and one other text of your choice. Text 22 and text 23 both use figures of speech to effectively convey a sense of place. Text 22 is a private diary in second person singular, this is a positive view on travel, the writer’s attitudes and personality emerges with exuberance, energy and enthusiasm for the people she meets and the landscape she sees. The audience of this text are middle-aged writers particularly women. The primary purpose is to describe and the secondary purpose is to entertain. In contrast, text 23 is a third person narrative travel article from a magazine, the audience of this text is educated travellers and people interested in travel. The purpose of this text is primarily to inform, and secondarily to entertain (similarly to text 22). A negative and positive view of travel is expressed by the writer in text 23. Text 22 uses figures of speech like personification and metaphors to convey a sense of place. Personification is used to describe the Helm Crag, â€Å"Helm Crag rose very bold and craggy, a being by itself† It is becoming a part of the beautiful surroundings described by the writer of the diary or maybe a monster as the adjectives bold and craggy are not blissful. The metaphor, â€Å"the river came galloping past the church† brings the river to life describing it like a horse, a horse is quite a pleasant spirited animal meaning the view of the writer was that of positivism towards horses maybe she rode horses regularly or even owned one, this shows the personality of the writer and her positive view on the nature and her surroundings. Also the metaphor, â€Å"the ashes glittering spears with their upright stems† this extra information in a long complex sentence brings life and personality to the trees, the writer obviously sees the nature of her landscape more alive and closer to her than her friends, as she describes the nature surrounding her more positively than her friends mentioned for example, â€Å"Mr and Mrs Olliff drank tea and supped with us† Whereas, text 23 uses a variety of figures of speech like metaphors, hyperbole, similes and imagery to convey a sense of place. The metaphor, â€Å"unparalleled network of virtually maintenance free highways† describes the comparison between the rivers of Africa and the British motorways. But the Zaire River is different to British motorways in shape; the rivers of Africa are curved and winding. In addition, unbelievable descriptive imagery is used, â€Å"revenge glistening in its green eyes† this negative imagery describes the crocodiles as evil and avenging. Hyperbole is used, â€Å"screaming traders jammed the other† the over-exaggerated verb â€Å"screaming† is used to show the extent of the vocal chords used by the traders, and the attitudes and desperate feelings of the traders which the writer emphasises through this quotation. The simile, â€Å"toted like furry purses† is used to describe the misfortune of the monkeys and the cruelty the animals mentioned had suffered. Comparing the white-nosed monkeys to purses emphasises the attitudes of the capitalist traders just looking for profit.

Science a world of its own

Science, what does this word mean when you're a teacher or more importantly learning to be a teacher. Is it a dirty word? Or Just unfamiliar! Are we scared or Just unsure how to teach it? I will be looking at these thinking by current pre service teachers and graduate teachers. How do we gain confidence, belief and a good attitude towards teaching science in schools? Is it really that hard and daunting to teach 5 year olds and then again to 12 year olds. Is there any difference?Is there a way to help in making science a subject that is as important to a pre service teacher s Health & Physical Education or Art? â€Å"Science in Australian primary school is thus in a state of crisis† (Department of Employment & Training, 1989). Attitude towards teaching science at school is a major problem. Previous research has shown that elementary education majors often dislike science and lack confidence in their ability to teach it. This is an important problem because students who hold the se attitudes are likely to avoid teaching science, or teach it poorly, when they become teachers.It is therefore necessary to identify pre service elementary teachers who hold negative attitudes towards science, and attempt to convert these attitudes to positive before they become teachers. (David H. Palmer, 2001). Why is our attitude so dish-Jointed when it comes to science and to some extent mathematics too? Personally I can't remember much about doing science in primary school as it was too long ago. I feel that it was casual and fun but what I do remember doing was some exciting stuff in and around the school boundaries.Finding bugs, doing experiments and making erupting volcano's in year 6. But high school to me it started to be boring, not fun and an attitude â€Å"why do I have to go to Physics and Chemistry? Over the last two decades, a considerable amount of research attention has focused on the science attitudes of pre service elementary teachers. It has been found that m any of them hold negative attitudes which appear to have arisen from their past experiences in science, particularly at secondary level (Babel & Smith, 1994; Unloading & Wallace, 1996; Scamp, 1991; Westerners, 1982).The only good thing about science was Chemistry when you could play with chemicals and the Bunsen burners and melt things. I believe most pre service teachers think of this time in High School and make a Judgment. Within 3 seeks my attitude has started to change. With what I have seen and learnt, I am optimistic, a little excited on teaching science at primary school. What can change the attitude of the pre service teachers? There were three main reasons: personal attributes of the tutor, specific teaching strategies, and external validation.It was proposed that many of the individual factors were effective because they represented either â€Å"performance accomplishments† or â€Å"vicarious experience† as defined by Bandeau (Psychological Review, 84, 1977, 191-215). Do we as pre service teachers have enough knowledge and belief about science to infidelity teach it at school? Teaching practices are often considered as one of the reasons why American students are not currently demonstrating top achievement in science and mathematics. Both theory and common sense suggest that teachers ‘knowledge of subject matter necessarily influences their classroom practices.Linkages between teachers' personal knowledge, beliefs, and instructional activity have proven elusive despite the considerable level of concern expressed regarding low levels of mathematics and science knowledge possessed by pre and in service elementary teachers Leningrad, Putnam, Stein, & Baxter, 1991). Elementary teachers have been found to possess generally low level conceptual and factual knowledge as well as inadequate skills in the content area of science (Victor, 1962; Blower & Howe, 1969; Winner, 1993).General agreement exists that lack of such a background in sci ence knowledge significantly contributes to hesitancy and possible inability to deliver effective science instruction in classroom settings. Indeed, previous research in this area found that teachers gravitate toward performing those tasks in which they feel confident and competent (Cunningham & Blankness's. 979; Hone. 1976). Do I feel I have that belief and knowledge? I certainly don't have a full knowledge of what I need to be a competent science teacher, but be assured I'm excited to teach and be taught over the next couple of years.I certainly believe I can teach but gaining more knowledge would be an advantage. Maybe if science and mathematics subjects are more prevalent in undergraduate courses, than what it currently is around the country, it may be a subject that teachers will like to teach. As there continues to be a need for pre service teachers to bolster their understanding in these areas, this might well indicate a need for collaborative efforts between departments of s cience and mathematics and departments of education in devising ways in which higher education might better serve the needs of these entry- level teachers.Are we being taught enough in undergraduate teaching courses in the science subjects? Is more needed to alleviate the growing concern in this matter. A lot of studies have been conducted throughout the world, especially in western society. Not only pre service and graduate teachers had trouble teaching science but so did hose teaching for example grade 6. From what I have read many teachers believe that they need a more clear direction, a lack of materials and more information on suitable topics to be taught is needed. The general feeling was that teaching science involved considerable effort.This effort involved preparing a suitable topic and organizing the materials necessary to teach that topic. As well there seemed to be a lack of direction in the area of science. The feeling was that many teachers do not consider science to b e a high priority and hence were not willing to expend energy in organizing for it. A comparison was made between teaching science and social studies. The teachers suggested social studies was much easier to teach because the curriculum was well organized, the information was all together in one book and there were few materials needed.Science on the other hand required gathering ideas from a variety of books as well as a lot of materials for activities. Many of these materials were consumable and had to be replaced each year. One teacher suggested that ;there are some teachers who love science and are willing to put in the effort but the majority do not. There is no doubt that the use of a quality traduced program with supporting equipment and appropriate in servicing can help the primary teacher initiate worthwhile, sequenced science lessons on a regular basis.A study of 139 pre service teachers from the University college of Central Queensland by Ken Appleton concluded that there are general points about teaching science discipline knowledge in pre service and, by extrapolation, in service courses which can be learned from this study. Firstly, science discipline knowledge needs to be taught in a way which will give students a more positive self -image of themselves as teachers of science and technology.Teaching discipline knowledge without taking this goal into consideration may do more harm than good: ; students' self – perceptions may well remain largely negative, and may even become more negative. Secondly, the teaching strategies which have proved effective in generating positive changes in self-perception tend to be time consuming, and need to be conducted in small group settings rather than large lectures. This means that the amount of content â€Å"covered† would usually be less than; that delivered in large group lectures.That is, what is gained in students' self-confidence, is paid for by covering less intent. The small group teaching also means more expensive teaching compared to traditional lecture and laboratory methods. Thirdly, once students' self-confidence is improved, many could be expected to access science and technology content for themselves through individual research and/or normal science courses-? while not proven, this is a reasonable hypothesis given the changes documented in this study and others (Kirkwood, Berlin & Hardy, 1989).Ideally, a pre service course should there- fore contain at least two compulsory science and technology education units: he first based on strategies such as those outlined here, and the second a more specific focus on discipline knowledge. However, restrictions on the number of compulsory science education units able to be included in a pre-service course may make independent study the only viable means for many students to gain further science and technology discipline knowledge.I personally know that when I first ventured into being a teacher 7 years ago, I studied t o be a secondary PEE teacher. It was very science based, because you specialize in these subjects to teach at secondary. But primary school teaching is different you need a range of knowledge in al teaching disciplines from art, religion, JOSE, English, mathematics, IT and science to name a few. You never know when you need that knowledge even if you're a specialist teacher.If there is still such a lack of concern for competency in teaching science in primary education, maybe there should be extra training for graduate teachers either through a tertiary institution or during their first years as a teacher or even in the summer before they start teaching at a school and let's not forget about the current teachers either. Studies have shown that they still need updated knowledge in science subjects. Keeping this in mind the more extra-curricular learning a teacher can get the more confident they will be to teach science.This in turn will change their attitude and belief to teaching it and influence other pre service teachers wanting to move into the primary school teaching. Unfortunately teaching science at primary school level is still daunting to many pre service teachers. Having had bad experiences while at school themselves, this has contributed to pre service teachers not having enough practical and theory based knowledge, having little or no belief and confidence being low. Will science ever be a object that pre service teachers want to teach? Will it change over time?It has been known that a problem exists for decades but no one seems to have the answer to alleviate the problem. Many studies, surveys have been performed and implemented without success. What will the government of Australia do to fix this problem? With the change to a national curriculum, let's hope something will finally be done.

Australian case Modbury Triangle Shopping Centre Pty Ltd v Anzil

This case was heard by the High Court of Australia. In this case, the respondent was successful during the trial. Similarly, the responder proved to be successful when the Full Court of Supreme Court of South Australia heard the appeal. Under these circumstances, Modbury Triangle Shopping Center made an appeal to the High Court of Australia. The facts of this case can be briefly described as follows. In this case, the appellant, Modbury owned a shopping center. On the other hand, Mr. Anzil, the respondent was hired by a video store that had leased premises in the center. In front of the weekly shop there was a large outdoor parking for the center. The car park was owned by the shopping center, Modbury. The video store remained open until 10 PM in the night and after that time the lights of the car park were automatically switched off. In this case, the respondent was leaving his workplace at 10:30 PM on a Sunday night and the lights of the car park were turned off. Subsequently, the respondent was attacked by three unidentified persons. One of the assailants had a baseball bat and the respondent suffered serious injuries. According to the lease agreement, the lighting in the common areas like the parking area was provided. According to the discretion of the appellant had a part of the cost was paid by the tenant. Earlier, almost 2 years ago, the practice was to let the lights on at the 11 PM. Later on, a request was made by the co-manager of the video store that the lights should be allowed in the 10:15 PM but just ended and nearly 12 months before the attack, the practice was adopted to switch off the lights at 10 PM. Under these circumstances, the proprietor of the shopping center was sued by the plaintiff in negligence for his failure to exercise reasonable care and switching off the lights in the car park. In this way, the case was related with the liability of the occupier for the criminal conduct of a third party. Therefore the main issue in this case was to decide if and when a person can be held liable towards another person for a duty to take reasonable care for controlling the conduct of the third party.[1] In this case, although it was argued by the appellant that the attack could have been prevented if better lighting was present in the car park, but the majority of the judges were quite skeptical of this claim. Therefore, it appears that mainly the case was conducted on the issue if the risk of injury was created or increased by the defendant due to poor lighting. It was pointed out by the court that in this case, the claim of the building was not based on the physical conditions in the car parking (for example that he had tripped over due to bad lighting). Instead, the claim in the present case was based on the third party's deliberate criminal actions. Therefore the issue in this case was related with the liability of the defendant for an omission, particularly the liability of the defendant regarding the criminal actions of third party. It was decided by the majority of these days that Modbury, as the occupier of the premises, had a duty which did not extend to take precautions fo r preventing the physical injury was to the plaintiff by criminals. In order to decide if the occupiers had a did you get towards the persons who entered their land, the proximity test needs to be applied. In case of this test, physical proximity, circumstantial proximity and casual proximity is involved. Apart from it, under such circumstances, another test that can be used is the three stages test.[2] The three stages in this regard are if the damage suffered by the plaintiff can be described as reasonably foreseeable, if the relationship that existed between the plaintiff and defendant can be described as sufficiently proximate and if so, can it be described as fair, just and reasonable under the circumstances to impose the duty of care on the defendant. The questions that need to be asked for the purpose of deciding if there has been a breach of the required standard of care include the question if it was foreseeable, if the risk was not insignificant and if any other reasonable person would have taken the precautions under similar circumstances in which the defendant was. There are other relevant factors that also need to be considered like if the cost involved in taking the precautions would have considerably increased the cost of energy. It was also claimed by the apparent than an occupier of land is not how a duty of care, which requires the occupier to take reasonable care for preventing physical injury to the plaintiff that may be caused as a result of the criminal behavior of a third-party.[3] Therefore in the present case also, the occupier did not have any control over the actions of the attackers or on the circumstances under which the attack took place. The general rule that can be applied in the present situation is that the person does not have a duty to control the other person to prevent such person from causing damage to a third person. Generally for the purpose of occupier's liability, the duty of care in negligence regarding the physical condition of the premises arises as a result of the power that the occupier had to control the persons who enter or remain on the land and also the power of the occupiers to control the state of land. Moreover, the occupiers in a better position as compared to an entra nt to know regarding the physical condition of the premises.[4] Regarding the issue of a duty of control over third parties, it was the opinion of the majority in this case that the scope of the duties of an occupier does not extend to third parties. Apart from the exceptional circumstances or in case of the presence of the special relationship between the parties, liability is not imposed by the common   law regarding the ommission to take positive steps for the purpose of protecting the other person from the criminal actions of the other party. It was also stated in this case that if a special relationship is not present, it is not the duty of a person to take steps to prevent causing harm to another person as a result of the interactions of a third party even if such a risk can be described as foreseeable. It will also recognize by the court that under some exceptional cases, a duty can be imposed on a party to take positive steps that are required in order to prevent a reasonably foreseeable risk. That has been created independent from the conduct of the defendant. Such a situation arises in cases where there is a special or protective relationship present between the parties, and an obligation has been assumed by the defendant to protect the plaintiff.[5] It can be said that such a protective relationship is present where the defendant has the capability to control the risk of harm that may be caused to the plaintiff and in cases where the plaintiff can be described as vulnerable and depending on the plaintiff for the prevention of such harm.[6] But in the present case, it was noted by the court that the occupier was not in a position to control the actions of the assailants. Similarly, the occupier did not have any knowledge regarding the impending attack. The court stated that the middle attacks cannot be predicted and it was not possible for the occupier to control such an attack.[7] Under these circumstances, it was stated that the occupier cannot be held liable in the present case, because the immediate and direct cause of the injuries suffered by the plaintiff was the attack by the offenders and these injuries were not suffered as an absence of lighting. Similarly, this fact was also noted that responsibility was not assumed by the occupier regarding the safety of the respondent. It was reasonable for the occupier to believe that the employer of the respondent would protect him. Concerning the occupier, the respondent can be placed in similar position in which any other member of the public can be placed. Similarly in the present case, the contribution of the occupier in the injuries suffered by the respondent was negligible. If liability is imposed on the occupier, it would mean that the financial responsibility has been shifted regarding the consequences of a crime, from the wrongdoer to another person. Even if such person did not have the capability to impact the behavior due to which the injuries were caused. Moreover the court stated that there is no doubt that an occupier of land has the duty of care towards the persons who unlawfully present on the land. In the present case also, it can be said that the appellant had a duty towards the first to respond and regarding the physical condition of the car park. However, the issue in this case was related with the fact if the appellant also had a duty of the kind that is relevant for the harm that was offered by the first respondent. This issue was discussed in this case in the form of the argument related with the nature or scope of the duty. In the present case, the nature of farm caused to the respondent was in the form of physical injuries that have been caused by a third party and the respondent did not have any control over the actions of the third-party.[8] Therefore, it can be said in the present case that any relevant duty in such circumstances can be described as the duty related with the security of the respondent. It can be a duty of a person, in his position as the occupier of land, which requires him to take reasonable care for protecting the persons who were in the position of the respondent against conduct, which includes the criminal actions of the third parties. Under these circumstances, the majority decision given by the High Court was that the appeal of Modbry should be allowed on both the issues. Consequently, it was decided by the High Court that Modbury cannot be held liable for injuries suffered by Mr. Anzil. In support of the decision, it was stated by the court. That being an occupier of land, Modbury has a duty of care towards Mr. Anzil but this duty cannot be considered to be extending to take reasonable steps for the purpose of preventing the criminal actions of third parties, as a result of which, physical injuries were suffered by Mr. Anzil. Under the circumstances where Modbury did not have any control over the conduct of the attackers. The court pointed out that even if it can be said that the failure of Modbury to provide proper lighting in the car park could have facilitated the time in the same way as it had made provision for the car park and descent and decided to park his car there but it cannot be treated as the. Main cause behind the injuries suffered by Mr. Anzil. In this case, the direct cause due to which Mr. Anzil had suffered the injuries was the conduct of the three assailants over which Modbury had no control. It was also noted by the court that in this case, the inadequate lighting had not caused the concealment of a dangerous object or condition in the carpark as a result of which, damage may have been suffered by person or property. Due to the unpredictability of criminal behavior, as a general rule, and when a special relationship is not present, a duty is not imposed by the law to prevent harm to another person caused by the criminal conduct of third parties even if such harm can be described as reasonably foreseeable.[9] Therefore the court stated that the occupier, Modbury was not liable for the injuries suffered by the respondent. Chomentowski v Red Garter Restaurant Ltd (1970) 92 WN (NSW) 1070 Commissioner for Railways v McDermott [1967] 1 AC 169 at 186 Dorset Yacht Co v Home Office [1970] AC 1004 Fraser v State Transport Authority (1985) 39 SASR 57 Hill v Van Erp (1997) 188 CLR 159 at 229 Kondis v State Transport Authority (1984) 154 CLR 672 at 687 Pitt Son & Badgery Ltd v Proulefco (1984) 153 CLR 644 Public Transport Corporation v Sartori [1997] 1 VR 168 Smith v Leurs (1945) 70 CLR 256 at 262 Commissioner for Railways v McDermott [1967] 1 AC 169 at 186. Smith v Leurs (1945) 70 CLR 256 at 262 Dorset Yacht Co v Home Office [1970] AC 1004. Kondis v State Transport Authority (1984) 154 CLR 672 at 687 Hill v Van Erp (1997) 188 CLR 159 at 229 Chomentowski v Red Garter Restaurant Ltd (1970) 92 WN (NSW) 1070 Public Transport Corporation v Sartori [1997] 1 VR 168 Fraser v State Transport Authority (1985) 39 SASR 57 Pitt Son & Badgery Ltd v Proulefco (1984) 153 CLR 644